Test, Measurement And Evaluation
Test: In scientific terms 'test' is an
instrument or tool used to obtain data-on-specific traits/ characteristics of
an individual or group. It should be simple, accurate and easy to administer.
Measurement: It is an aid to evaluate, it consists of numerical values
or scientific scores by expert and also known as raw score.
Evaluation: Test and measurement are the prerequisites for evaluation.
The evaluation tells the worth or progress of the individual or group.
IMPORTANCE OF TEST
AND MEASUREMENTS IN SPORTS
1. Selection of a Sportsperson: Tests are used to select few
participants for various categories of sports activities on the basis of some
scientific selection criteria.
2. To compare and evaluate training methods: This enables the teacher or
coach to compare different training methods suitable for different groups or
categories.
3. To conduct research work: Measurement and evaluation are very helpful
in research work. They provide as data to establish relationship or compare
data with other sources.
4. To achieve goal and objectives specifically: This helps students to
understand the objectives of the program, thus helps to find out whether the
specific goals and objectives has been achieved or not.
5. Individualization of training program: The measurement and evaluation
process helps to diagnose the weakness or needs of the students. Thus
individualization of training schedules can be given.
Body Mass Index(BMI)
BMI stands for Body Mass Index. This formula index was formulated by Belgian
Quetlet. This fitness testing is used to measure body composition on the basis
of weight and height.
Test administration: In this testing the health and fitness abilities of
individual is based upon the relationship of height and weight. BMI is
calculated by taking person's weight (in kg or g) and dividing by height (m or
cm) square, i.e., Weight ÷ (height × height).
Waist-HIP-ratio (WHR)
This is the ratio of
circumference of waist to that of the hips.
Test administration: It is calculated by measuring the smaller
circumference of the waist and dividing by the hip circumference at the widest
part of buttocks or hip. The ratio is applied both to men and women.
Somato Types
It is classification of human body according to its shape and physique. It was
developed by W.H.(William Herbert) Sheldon. It is classified in three extreme
body types.
a. Endomorphic
b. Mesomorphic
c. Ectomorphic
According to Sheldon all athletes are made up of three extreme body types, so
we all are part of Endomorph, Mesomorph and Ectomorph. This scale is from 1 to
7 where 1 is the minimum and seven is the maximum.
Endomorphic
i) An endomorphic person has generally large round body, short thick neck,
short arms and legs.
ii) They have wider hips and colder lot of fat on body.
iii) Endomorphs rate poorly on physical fitness level and so make poor athletes.
iv) They have less endurance, speed and
coordinatoion ability but they have good level of strength.
v) They can be modified through diet and exercise and become more towards
mesomorphic.
Mesomorphic
i) An mesomorphic person would be strongly built with broad muscular chest and
shoulder.
ii) They have very muscular arms and legs and little body fat.
iii) They are medium in height and have narrow hips.
iv) They are good in strength speed and agility and have average endurance and
flexibility.
v) They can easily lose or gain weight. They are good in almost every sports.
Ectomorphic
i) An ectomorphic person is long, slender and thin.
ii) They have high forehead, recording chin, narrow shoulder, chest and hips.
iii) They have little or lean muscles and very low fat.
iv) They have less strength perhaps not suitable for strong activities.
v) Ectomorphs dominate in endurance and flexibility activities, thus good in
long distance races.
Anthropometric
Measurements Tools
i) Stadio Meter: Height
ii) Weighing Machine: Weight
iii) Flexometer: Flexibility
iv) Bone Caliper: Bone length
v) Skinfolder Caliper: Fat
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